"Taking Stock" of our past so far...

So far I've finished summaries on all the Great Grandparents.  Here's where we are so far:

Hicks

Generation 1:

• Me

Generation 2:

• Mom
• Dad

Generation 3:

• Anthony John Yakas
• Jadviga Janowski
• Harry Kenny
• Marguerite Smith

Generation 4:

• Frank Hicks
• Frank's Wife (unknown)
• Jadviga's parents (unknown)
• Henry William Kenny
• Esther Verona Bruce
• Vinton Marshall Smith
• Isabel H. Lovell

Barkers

Generation 1:

• My lovely wife

Generation 2:

• Phyllis Allen
• My Wife's Lovely Father

Generation 3:

• Lloyd Barker
• Sarah Evans
• Otto F Allen
• Jeannie L. McAllister

Generation 4:

• Henry Turbush Barker
• Matilda Jane Evans
• Simon J Evans
• Mary Henrietta Jenkins
• Charles Edwin Evans
• Jessie F. Kimbrough
• John Henry McAllister
• Lydia Kirk

On to Generation 5...





        

Lydia Kirk

Hill of Tarvit in Cupar, Fife, Scotland

Lydia Kirk, my wife's great grandmother, and wife to John Henry McAllister was born Dec 13th, 1869 in Springfield, county Fife, Scotland.  The family made their home in Cupar a few miles east of Springfield.  Fife is on the eastern side of Scotland and is home to St Andrews, the "birthplace of golf".  Cupar is a small town, having a population of about 7000 in the 1890's.  The name Cupar means "Common Land", and the town has been an historic center of trade in Fife.  At the time Lydia was born, the 1800's economy in Fife was dominated by the textile industry.  Many fortunes were made in Fife.   Frederick Sharp was one such man.  He purchased Wemyss Hall, an several hundred year old structure and had it renovated and expanded in 1904.  It was renamed the "Hill of Tarvit" Mansion (above).

Lydia and her family would have known the old Wemyss Hall since her family left Scotland about 1880 for America.  She reports her year of immigration to be 1881.  The family mainly took up residences in Montana (Kalispell), California (Around Alameda), and Washington (Spokane).

At the age of 21 she married John Henry McAllister in Spokane Falls.  The date was Sept 17th, 1890.  She raised a family in Spokane, primarily residing on Altamount Street, until her husband John's death in 1934.  Four years later at 68, she and her eldest son Donald (47) visited Scotland.  Around that time she moved to Alameda, California where Donald resided.  She died on Nov 3, 1953 in Alameda.

Her children were (Year Born)(Residence): Donald (1891)(Alameda), Lester (1893)(Spokane), Frank (1894)(California), Dora (1896)(Bellingham, WA), Alice (1898)(), Roger (1900)(Alameda), Jeannie (1903)(Spokane), and John Jr. (1907)(Clark, Washington).

As an example of how this story gets put together, I've listed a portion of the evidence used to supported it:

• Maiden name of Kirk on her marriage certificate.
• County of origin Scotland on multiple documents.
• Parents names located on multiple census lists.
• Parents and pertinent siblings living together in 1861 and 1881 Scotland censuses (Cupar).
• Father and two brothers and sister living in Montana in the early 1900's
• Sister Helen's obituary (from Montana) names Lydia Mcallister of Alameda (early 1953) as her sister
• Father George is buried in the same cemetery in Montana as Lydia's brother Thomas and George (as well as several other Kirks)
• All the ages match from one document to another.

This adds up to 100% certainty in the validity of the core of this data.

Mary Henrietta Jenkins

Llanwenog Church

Mary Henrietta Jenkins, my wife's great grandmother, and wife of Simon Evans, was born to Welsh parents in Stourbridge, England in the Spring of 1878.  Although she was born in England, the family home was Llanwenog, Wales (See a short description below that was written in 1833).  Currently the population of this very small town in central Wales is under 1000.  It's most prominent feature is its church (pictured left). 




Sir Rhys ap Thomas built the tower to commemorate the victory of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, in which Sir Rhys bore a very important part supported by the men of Llanwenog.


How Mary came to be born in England, may be explained by the fact that her father was a courier.  At any rate by 1881 she was back in Llanwenog with her parents and brother Thomas living in a home on Plasnewydd "street".

"Llan" is Welsh for Church or Parish.

"LLANWENOG (LLAN WENOG), a parish in the upper division of the hundred of MOYTHEN, county of CARDIGAN, SOUTH WALES, 5 Miles (W. S. W.) from Lampeter, containing 1647 inhabitants. This parish, which comprises the upper and lower divisions, is pleasantly situated on the river Teivy, and on the turnpike road leading from Lampeter to Cardigan. It is distinguished as the scene of a memorable battle, which was fought in 981, between the Danes, under their famous leader Godfrid, and the native Welsh under Eineon ab Owain (in which the former were totally defeated), or, according to Dr. Meyrick, between Eineon and his countryman Hywel ab Ievav; and a square intrenchment in a field called Cae'r Vaes, or " the field of battle," on the farm of Ty cam, in this parish, is still pointed out as the spot where the engagement took place......"
[From Samuel Lewis's A Topographical Dictionary of Wales 1833]


In 1903 she married Simon Evans, also from Llanwenog.  Simon had been living in America since 1881, and had become a US citizen in 1892.  Mary was only 2 years old when he had left at the age of 16 for London and then America.  How they came to be married is an unknown to us.  But in 1903 Simon traveled from Sheridan Wyoming to Llanwenog Wales and the two were married in January of that year.  In March they left Wales and came back to Wyoming on the liner Oceana (see Simon J. Evans).


They lived in Sheridan, raising their children, Sarah, Simon, Mary, and Mayoworth.  She lived to be only 47 (May 13, 1925).

Simon J. Evans

Simon J. Evans, my wife's Great Grandfather and the father of Sarah Evans, was born in 1865, in Wales.  The name Evans is very common in Wales.  It is currently the 8th most common name in that country and means "son of Evan".  As a result of the large number of Evans in Wales, it took a great deal of digging to find the right one.  At the age of 7 he was living with extended family in Llanwenog, Cardiganshire county, Wales (1901).  At the age of 17 he was living with relatives in London.  According to family reports he worked on a ship in exchange for passage to the US.  He arrived in 1881 and had obtained US citizenship in 1892.  In Jan 1903 he went back to LLanwenog and married aWelsh woman (born in England) named Mary Henrietta Jenkins, and in March of that year they traveled back to the US together.  The ship was the Oceana (pictured above) which left from Liverpool and arrived in New York on March 5th, 1903.

They were in Sheridan, WY in 1907, farming and raising cattle.  Over the following 20 years the family ranch located off Birney Road, expanded to 1400 acres.  They had four children, Simon T., Mary, Mayoworth, and Sarah.

Simon passed away Jan 6, 1930 and is buried at Sheridan Municipal.  His grave is pictured below.

This research was not easy.  As I've said, there are a lot of Evans in Wales (including a lot of guys named Evan Evans because in Wales one Evans is not enough!).  I am 100% certain this is the correct Simon Evans.

Janowski

Periodically over the past few years I've looked for evidence of the identity of My paternal Grandmothers parents.  Their names are unknown to our family or to the distant cousins I've contacted (such as a relative of great uncle Wesley's son).  I have several candidate names but none that are reliable enough to rise beyond speculation.  I have an old photo (shown above) that includes Jadviga Janowski (left), her brother Wesley (right), her friend (possibly a cousin) "Aunty Muskel" (center).  The couple sitting are presumably Mr and Mrs Janowski.  The photo was taken at 48 William street in New Britain, Ct. in, I estimate, about 1920.  The address is written on the back of the photo.  (Not sure who the child is).

Jadviga's nationality has been a source of mild curiosity.  She had always maintained she was Lithuanian.  Aunty Muskel stated (at Jadviga's funeral) that she was Polish.  The area that is now Lithuania has changed hands over the years and the extended family reports that they are Russian and Lithuanian at various times.  Almost universally the Janowskis in New Britain report their "Ethnicity" as Polish, and their nationality or allegiance as Russian or Lithuanian.

Below is the modern geography of the region.  Lithuania is bordered by Belarus, Poland, and Latvia.  Both Russia and Germany have controlled the region.  So the reality is: the Janowskis are from a region with shifting influences and it seemed to make more sense to people of the time to report both ethnicity and nationality.

John Henry Mcallister

John Henry Mcallister, my wife's Great grandfather, and father of Jeannie Mcallister was born in Moy, County Tyrone in what is now Northern Ireland on Jan 21, 1860.  At the age of 21 he boarded a British ship called "The State of Alabama" destined for New York, a ship with 3 masts and one funnel and that could do 12 knots.  He arrived in New York on March 31, 1881.  At the time Northern Ireland had not been formed, in fact Ireland had not even achieved home rule from Britain.
On September 17, 1890 he married Lydia Kirk in Spokane Falls.  From 1891 to 1907 he and Lydia had 8 children, Donald, Lester, Frank, Dora, Alice, Roger, Jeannie, and John Jr.  From 1892 until 1896 the family lived at 1923 Summit Blvd and John worked as the manager of the Washington Stone Company.  In 1897 they moved to 810 1st ave and started a business doing stonework, cement work, tile floors and sidewalks.  From 1901 until 1907 they lived at 112 Montgomery ave. and finally in 1908 they moved to 2236 Bryant (which changed to Altamont a few years later).  In 1914-1915 the family started the McAllister Warehouse Company.  He died in 1934 in Spokane at 74.

Above are photos of John H. Mcallister(61) and Lydia E. Mcallister from their US passport issued Jun 3, 1921.

(Advertizement from the 1917 Spokane city directory)

**Note they used Auto Vans built before 1917**

Vinton Marshall Smith

Vinton Marshall Smith, my great grandfather and father of Marguerite Smith, was born Dec 30, 1897 in Manitoba, Canada.  At the age of 4 he resided in Dauphin, Canada (Manitoba, northwest of Winnipeg).  With him were his parents and his 1 year old brother Russel.  They immigrated to the U.S. in 1903, and in 1910 he lived with his brother, his sister Marguerite B. Smith, his aunt and his paternal grandmother in New Hampshire, where his father was born.  In 1920 he was 22, Married to Isabel Lovell (20) and living in Taunton, Mass.  During the early '20s he worked as a fireman in Taunton.  The photo is of the Old Taunton firehouse which is the oldest active firehouse in America built in 1869.  By 1928 he had left Taunton and divorced his wife who lived with her father afterwards.  He moved to Boston and lived there for most of the 1930's remarrying a woman named Marion.  During that time he worked as an engineer.  They moved to New Haven, Conn. in the 1940's were he got another firefighting job, and then to Hamden, Conn. in the late 50's.  He was living in Naples, Maine at the age of 88 and died in nearby Bridgton, Maine at the age of 90 in 1988.

Charles Edwin Allen

Charles Edwin Allen, my wife's Great Grandfather, and the father of Otto Allen, was born in Waseca, Minnesota on March 3, 1875.  In 1880 he was living with his parents John and Sarah Allen, and his siblings, Jennie, George, and Clara down the road from Waseca in Elysian, Mn.  In 1900 he was living in Spokane, along with his parents in the Queen Ann addition and working as a "laborer".  He married Jessie F. Kimbrough in 1902 and they moved to Mace, ID (near Kellogg) where he worked as a foreman in a sorting plant.  They had two children Otto and Thelma (who everyone called "honey" and who lived to be 106).  By 1930 he and Jessie moved back to Spokane and resided at 324 18th ave. along with his mother Sarah who had been living with them since before 1910.  He worked for a time as an auto salesman in Spokane.  18th ave is the last residence I have for him, and he and Jessie are listed there in the 1960 Spokane city directory.  He would have been 85 at the time.  If anyone knows when he died please let me know.  There is a Charles E. Allen who died in 1972 in Chelan, WA, but there is not enough evidence to say it was him.

The evidence for Charles Allen being Otto Allen's father is convincing and I am 100% certain of that fact.

The photo above is courtesy of my wife's cousin.

Henry William Kenny

Henry William Kenny, my great grandfather, father of Harry W. Kenny, was born in Ballston, NY on May 8th, 1894.  Ballston, NY is a short distance from Rutland, Vermont where Henry lived for many years with his father Edward, mother Mary, and siblings Ethel, Edward Jr, and George.  Henry was a carpenter like his older brother Edward and his father.  He married Esther Verona Bruce on Feb 22, 1915 in Rutland.  By 1918 he had two children, Harry and Lester, and was working as a "Car Inspector".  His Mother died in 1916 and his Father Edward joined them at their Rutland home by 1920.   In 1928 the family moved to 28 Brook St. in Hartford, Conn. where he took a job as a molder.  For a short time his son Harry lived with them in Hartford (1934) before moving to his own residence in Hartford.  Henry died abt 1935.  Esther appears as a widow in the Hartford city directory in 1936.  His last Residence is in 1934 at 162 Walnut street Hartford, Conn.

Above is a copy of the marriage certificate for Henry and Esther Kenny

Henry Turbush Barker

Henry Turbush Barker, Lloyd Barker's father, was born in Albany, NY on Oct 4, 1848.  He appears in Bethel NY at age 2 in 1850 as part of a large family.  20 years later he is with most of the same family in Illinois.  In 1883 he married Matilda Jane Evans and moved to the Fairmont, NE area and then to the Scotts bluff Nebraska area where they stayed the rest of their lives.  They had 8 children, Mabel, Charles, John, Agnes, Lloyd, Kate, Alice, and George.  The picture to the right is Henry and Matilda at their Golden Wedding anniversary which would have been in 1933 (corroborated by the car in the background - sweet ride).  He worked as a farmer until his death Jan 9, 1935.

Evidence for Henry being Lloyd's father is based on several pieces of evidence.  Lloyd reports being born in Fairmont, Nebraska on his WWI registration card (where Henry and Matilda were living at the time).  He reports living in Mitchel, NE in 1918 which is also where Henry and Matilda were living in 1920).  Also, he reports on several censuses that his father was born in New York, and mother in Missouri which fit with the birth states they report.  Lloyd also appears on several censuses with them.  My certainty is essentially 100%.

Frank Hicks (Yakas)

Three Brothers arrived from Lithuania at the turn of the century, Joseph, Frank, and James Yakas.  Joseph married Bertha and had several children including Ann, John, George, Helen, and Josephine.  I have spoken to a descendant of Helen who is a flavor scientist living in Chicago.

James Isador Yakas married Pauline and they had four children, Agnes, Paul, Sophie, and Adam

Frank Yakas appears only once in the records I have found, the 1900 US census at age 35.  He lived with Joseph (40), wife Bertha (38), several of their children, and brother James Isador (18).  He reports being single, born in Russia and immigrated to the US in 1894.  The residence is on Glen St in New Britain, CT.

One of these brothers is the father of Anthony John Yakas.  James is eliminated since he was only 11 at the time of Anthony's birth.  Joseph is eliminated because Anthony does not appear in his household with the other children in 1900 or 1910, instead he is in James' home in 1910 and described as a nephew.  This leaves Frank as his father.  Also, George (Joseph's son) and Adam (James son) were known to us as children and were described as cousins rather than one of them being a "great uncle"

There are no records of Franks immigration, death, marriage, or anything else.  I believe he went back to Lithuania, at any rate he left the area before 1910.  There is no record of Anthony John Yakas' mother's name.  And his parents did not appear to have come to the US.  Email correspondence to Lithuania have not revealed any other relatives.  For now this line is a dead end.

A word about Methodology

Thus far the relatives I've written about are well known to the family.  There is no doubt in any one's mind that these are indeed the correct people with the correct names.  They are people we have grown up with or at least have had first hand reports about.  Moving forward (or rather backwards) progressively becomes more problematic.  With this is mind I will present my evidence that convinced me (and hopefully will convince you) that each person presented belongs in the illustrious ranks of the Hicks or Barkers.

In general the primary methodology used is "logic" and "probability".  For instance, if I have evidence that a John Smith is an ancestor and I find a census report of a John Smith living alone in a town somewhere, it does not stand to reason that he is THE John Smith we are looking for.  On the other hand, if a John Smith appears on a census living with a wife and five children all of whom are known to be relatives, and living at an address known to be his residence 10 years earlier then he is very very likely to be the correct John Smith.  I suppose it is "possible" that the original John Smith left and a new John Smith moved in, but the likelihood is acceptably low.  Also something not to be ignored, is the issue of illegitimacy.  If great grandpa was actually sired by the milkman, and it was never recognized, then the DNA lineage will take a wrong turn.  There is no real defense against this problem.  So a better way to express our family tree is our "believed to be family tree".  I suppose if royal families operate on the premise that once a child is "certified" as legitimate, then they are so beyond any argument, then that's good enough for the Hicks/Barker family.

Sarah H. Evans

Sarah H Evans, my wife's paternal grandmother was born April 2, 1904 in Wyoming.  She lived in Sheridan, WY in 1910 and 1920 with her sisters Mary and Mayoworth, and brother Simon.  By 1930 her parents had died and she was left to care for her 14 year old sister Mayoworth.  She reports one job in 1930 as a waitress at "Western Cafeteria" in Sheridan.

In approximately 1930 she married Lloyd Barker and had three children Lloyd Jr, Rotchie, and Harry.  After Lloyd died in 1947, she moved to Coeur d'Alene, Idaho and married Herman Ostermeyer who worked at a wheel and frame alignment shop.

She passed away in Dec 1984.

Her granddaughters report she was "the sweetest lady".

Marguerite Smith

Marguerite Smith, my maternal grandmother, was born May 18, 1920 in Massachusetts.  She married Harry William Kenny about 1937-1938 and was residing with him in Hartford, Conn in 1939.  She had a daughter at age 18 (mom) who she gave up for adoption.  By 1942 she was divorced, and then married a Mr. Presley, and had multiple children, some of whom mom has met and have contributed further family history.  She continues to have a relationship with them.  The majority of Marguerite's children live in north central Arkansas.  The last years of her life she resided in Harrison and passed away March 30, 1996.

Mom did not find out the name of her biological mother until it was to late to meet her.  Marguerite reportedly had not told her other children of the child she had given up until near her death.  They had been looking for mom since that time.  Their first meeting in Arkansas was very fulfilling for them all.

Jeannie L. Mcallister

Jeannie L. Mcallister, wife of Otto Allen and my wife's maternal grandmother, was born April 15, 1903 in Washington to John Henry McAllister (a successful Northern Irish immigrant and business owner) and Lydia Kirk. Her siblings were Donald, Lester, Frank, Dora, Alice, Roger, and John. In 1910 she lived at 2236 Bryant in Spokane, WA (later the street name changed to Altamont) until 1929 when she married Otto Allen and moved to Monroe St. By 1952 She and Otto had moved to W328 8th ave and then to W707 5th av apt 502.
She passed away at age 68 on Sept 30, 1971.

Jeannie was a big part of Spokane's society. She loved summers at Loon Lake where she and Otto had a cabin that they had built themselves. By all reports her granddaughters loved her very much, and they tell me grandma's purse always matched her shoes.

Jadviga "Ida" Janowski

Jadviga Janowski, known as Ida, was my paternal grandmother. She was born in Lithuania in 1894 and came to the United States in 1910. She married Anthony John Yakas in 1914, at age 23, and was living with him and their three children at 48 Williams street in New Britain, CT in 1930. The earliest evidence for their residence at this address is 1927. She lived at that address until 1963 when she moved in with her son Robert.

She reports the inability to read or write in 1930 but was able to speak English. During a boarder crossing from Canada to the US with her brother Wesley, she reports her name as "Mrs Ida Hicks". This is the latest date I have seen the use of the name Hicks until her husbands death in 1951 when the children all become Hicks(es). (Perhaps when she was on a trip without her husband she felt freer to use the name). She had two brothers, Wesley who lived with his wife Annie in New Britain, and Frank who lived in Canada. Her children were Anthony, Robert, and Jadviga H. Yakas (also "Ida")

She died Oct 29, 1968 at the age of 74.



Anthony John Yakas and Jadviga Janowski Yakas with children "Ida" standing, and Anthony sitting. Taken in New Britain about 1921.

Lloyd Barker

Lloyd Barker, my wife's paternal grandfather was born September 14, 1893 in Fairmont, Nebraska to Henry and Matilda Barker. He had several siblings, Mabel, Charles, John, Agnes, Kate, Alice, and George. The family moved to Scottsbluff , Nebraska by 1910 when Lloyd, 17, worked as a farm hand. He moved further west to Sheridan, WY and was working as a steam shove operator in 1930 and living as a boarder at 152 Coffeen Ave. He was married shortly thereafter and by 1942 Lloyd lived on Route 8 in Spokane WA with his wife Sarah and three boys. He died Oct 7, 1947 at age 54.

My wife's father was only 15 at the time of his father's death.

Lloyd at work in Wyoming

Harry W. Kenny

Harry William Kenny, my maternal grandfather, was born June 21, 1915 in Rutland Vermont to Esther and Henry Kenny. He lived with his younger brother Lester, his parents, and his paternal grandfather Edward at 26 Burtis Ave in Rutland in 1920 but by 1930 the family had moved to an apartment at 28 Brook street in Hartford Connecticut (for $36 per month). He took a job as a sales clerk and lived with his parents and brother until 1937 in various apartments in Hartford. His father died in 1936. He had two years of college shortly after and began his life long career as a machinist. He married Marguerite Smith in 1938 and had a child that same year who was given up for adoption (Mom). They lived for a time at 91 Earle St in 1939 but divorced shortly afterward. In 1942 he volunteered for the army and became a warrant officer. By 1964 he was living at 1 Chandler street in East Hartford and stayed there until the time of his death on Feb 9, 1985 at age 69.

Mom did not have the opportunity to meet her father, only finding him through the opening of adoption records after his death. She did find and visit with his brother Lester.

Bob

Otto Frederick Allen

Otto F. Allen, father of Phyllis Allen, was born in a home on Garden Springs Road in Spokane Washington on July 3, 1905 to Charles Edwin Allen and Jessie F. Kimbrough. In 1910, at 4 years old, he lived in Mace, Idaho (in the panhandle east of Kellogg) with his parents and sister Thelma as well as his Grandmother Sarah Allen. The family moved to St Maries, Idaho by 1920. Otto married Jeannie Mcallister in 1929 and they moved into an apartment at 1001 Monroe street (just south of Deaconase Medical Center in Spokane) by 1930. Their rent was $45/month. At that time he worked as a Buyer for a dry goods store. Otto had a successful career with the Crescent Department store, built a condominium overlooking downtown Spokane, and was well respected in the community. He died June 3, 1989 at age 83.



Otto F. Allen's first Spokane home was this apartment building at 1001 Monroe St Spokane WA

Anthony John Yakas

Anthony John Yakas (the gentleman seated in the photo) was my paternal grandfather. The others in the photo are his wife Jadviga "Ida" and his two oldest children Ida (standing) and Anthony (sitting). Anthony John was born on Sept 12th 1892 in Sileli, Lithuania (self reported place of birth on his WWII draft registration card - see below). He arrived from Lithuania in 1909 and lived with his Aunt and Uncle Pauline and James Isadore Yakas in 1910 at 49 Whitman street in New Britain, Conn. 1909, the year of his immigration, was 9 years before Lithuanian independence and the region of Lithuanian was controlled by a combination of Lithuanian nationalists, Russians, Germans and Poles. It was also 5 years before the German take over of the area at the start of WWI. The nationality of the Yakas family is reported as Russian in 1910, and Lithuanian from the 1920's onward.
Anthony John had a 6th grade education presumably gained in Lithuania. He was granted US citizenship on Sept 23rd, 1923. He and Jadviga married in 1914 and were living at 48 Williams street in New Britain in 1930, where he continued to live until his death Oct 14th 1951 at age 58. Also at the same address lived the Giddix family with son Leonard (age 6 in 1930) who were life long friends and who were also from Lithuania.
Anthony John and his wife had three children Jadviga "Ida", Anthony, and Robert, born in 1916,1918, and 1929 respectively (all appear on the 1930 census). By 1930 his occupation was reported as a "polisher-buffer" at a "hardware plant" presumably in New Britain. He was never in the military. His cause of death is said (by family reports) to have been stomach cancer.

There has been considerable confusion as to when the family changed its name from Yakas to Hicks, why they did so, and why the name Hicks. The family referred to themselves as "Hicks" on the 1910 census, along with a family of cousins living nearby. All other references afterwards and through to Anthony John's death certificate in 1951 have Yakas as the last name. His three children were also referred to by Yakas on the 1930 and 1940 censuses. It seems that the children changed their names to Hicks after their fathers death in 1951 (although Ida was already a Bartusiewicz by 1944).
Family history reports a vague story about Hicks being a way of spelling "X", implying that the family was unable to write or spell on arrival to America and simply had to sign their last name as X. I do not find this to ring true since different family arrived at different times from Lithuania, and Anthony John had a 6th grade education when he arrived which should include the ability to spell his own name! Also, the family seems to have agreed to go by one name or another all at the same time. I have yet to see a mixing of Yakas and Hicks names on a single document. My guess is they all felt that a name like Hicks sounded more American so they used it earlier on and only after becoming comfortable with their ethnicity did they revert back to Yakas. I have not yet determined why they chose the name Hicks.



(Above is his draft registration for WWII)

Bob